Exercicis de relative i participle clauses — Anglès 2n Batxillerat

'which' (o 'that'): l'antecedent és una cosa. Com que el relatiu és objecte, també es podria ometre: 'The museum we visited...'.

Una oració de relatiu escurçada: s'omet el relatiu i el verb 'be', o el verb passa a participi. 'The man who is talking...' → 'The man talking...'.

Una acció que passa alhora que la principal (o que n'és la causa), amb el mateix subjecte: 'While I was walking home, I met an old friend.'

Hi ha una relació de possessió (la bossa de la noia), per tant cal whose.
Resposta: "whose".

L'antecedent és una persona i el relatiu fa de subjecte, per tant s'usa who (o that).
Resposta: "I met a man who speaks five languages."

Després de everything (i de all, something, nothing) s'usa that, no what, perquè hi ha un antecedent.
Resposta: "that" (també es pot ometre, perquè fa d'objecte).

S'elimina el relatiu i el verb be (that was) i queda el participi passat.
Resposta: "The cake baked by my grandmother was delicious."

S'eliminen el relatiu i el verb be (who is) i es manté el gerundi.
Resposta: "The man standing by the door is my uncle."

És non-defining (explicativa): afegeix informació extra que no cal per identificar el germà, i va entre comes.
Fixa't que implica que tens un sol germà (o que parles d'un de concret ja identificat).

Indica possessió (el pare del noi): cal whose.
Resposta: "That's the boy whose father is a pilot."

L'antecedent és un temps ('the day'), així que cal 'when': 'the day when we first met.'

Les relatives explicatives (entre comes) no admeten 'that'; cal 'which': 'My car, which is very old, broke down again.'

'that' és l'objecte de la relativa, així que es pot ometre: 'The song she sang was beautiful.'

Aquí 'who' és el subjecte de la relativa (és ella qui truca), i el relatiu subjecte no es pot ometre. Cal mantenir 'The woman who called you...'.

En registre formal la preposició passa davant del relatiu, i per a persones s'usa whom.
Resposta: "The man to whom I spoke was the manager."
Després de preposició no es pot fer servir who ni that.

Quan el relatiu es refereix a tota una situació, s'usa which precedit de coma.
Resposta: "He passed the exam, which surprised everyone."
Aquí no es pot fer servir that.

Després de everything cal that (o res, ja que fa d'objecte); what no pot tenir antecedent.
Correcció: "Everything (that) he told us was a lie."

Quan el subjecte és el mateix, la causa es pot expressar amb un participi present.
Resposta: "Being tired, she went to bed early." (o simplement "Tired, she went to bed early.")

Es manté el mateix subjecte i s'elimina el subjecte i el verb auxiliar de la subordinada.
Resposta: "Waiting for the bus, I read the newspaper." (o "While waiting for the bus, ...").

Hi ha comes: és una relativa non-defining, que no admet that.
Resposta: "which".

Where equival a in which quan l'antecedent és un lloc.
Resposta: "This is the house in which I grew up." (formal).

Si només tens un millor amic, la relativa és explicativa i va entre comes: 'My best friend, who lives in Girona, is coming to visit.' Sense comes voldria dir que en tens més d'un i tries el de Girona.

Acció anterior amb el mateix subjecte: s'usa 'Having + participi': 'Having finished my homework, I went out to play.'

El subjecte que mira per la finestra no és 'the rain'. Cal un subjecte coherent: 'Looking out of the window, I saw the rain was falling.'

(a) Defining: només van suspendre els alumnes que no havien estudiat (n'hi havia d'altres que sí i van aprovar).
(b) Non-defining: tots els alumnes van suspendre, i a més cap havia estudiat.
Les comes canvien el significat de la frase.

L'acció anterior i en passiva s'expressa amb having been + participi passat.
Resposta: "Having been warned about the storm, he stayed at home."

El subjecte implícit de tired hauria de ser una persona, però la frase principal té com a subjecte the bed.
Correcció: "Tired after the long journey, I found the bed very inviting."

Una solució possible: "My neighbour has a dog which barks all night, which means I can't sleep."
També és correcta: "My neighbour has a dog that barks all night, and that is why I can't sleep."
El primer which/that és defining (identifica el gos); el segon which es refereix a tota la situació i duu coma.

(a) "The road leading to the village is closed." (present participle, sentit actiu).
(b) "People living near the airport complain about the noise."
(c) "The letters sent yesterday haven't arrived." (past participle, sentit passiu).

Resposta model:
"Vic is a town that attracts many visitors every Saturday." (defining)
"Its Roman temple, which dates from the 2nd century, stands in the town centre." (non-defining, amb comes)
"Surrounded by mountains, Vic has a cool climate in winter." (participle clause; el subjecte és Vic).

a) My neighbour, whose daughter works in my office, is a retired judge. (non-defining; whose mai s'omet).
b) The report, whose existence the minister had denied, was leaked yesterday. (o the existence of which; non-defining).
c) She entered a competition (that/which) she had little chance of winning. (defining; es pot ometre el pronom perquè és objecte).
d) He passed all his exams, which surprised everybody. (relativa de frase, non-defining).
e) There are several reasons in the light of which the policy was changed. (defining; in the light of + which, registre formal).
f) I have two brothers, both of whom live abroad. (non-defining; quantificador + of whom).

El pronom només es pot ometre a (c): és objecte d'una relativa defining i no va precedit de preposició.

Errors típics

• Escriure in which she had little chance of winning a (c): la preposició va unida a winning (chance of winning it), no al relatiu.
• Posar that a (d) o a les non-defining.
• Escriure both of them who a (f) en lloc de both of whom.
• Confondre whose amb who's.

Conceptes treballats: relatives defining i non-defining, whose, preposició + relatiu, of whom/of which, relativa de frase, omissió del pronom.

a) 1. The old boathouse, which had been built in the 1960s as a temporary shelter for fishermen, stood abandoned... 2. while its roof was collapsing and its windows were broken. 3. Because/After the council had failed to find a buyer, it planned... 4. who were worried about losing a place... (o because they were worried). 5. Because they were supported by an architect who offered her services for free, they raised... (o As they were supported...). 6. Now that it has been repainted and reopened, it houses...

b) The expression (2), its roof collapsing and its windows broken, has its own subject (its roof, its windows), different from the subject of the main clause (the old boathouse). A participial phrase with its own subject is called an absolute construction.

c) Having failed is a perfect participle: the failure to find a buyer happened before the council's decision to demolish. Failing would present both actions as simultaneous (or would even sound like a cause: by failing...).

d) There is no dangling participle. (1) Built → the boathouse; (3) Having failed → the council; (4) worried → the students; (5) Supported → they (the students); (6) repainted and reopened → it (the boathouse). In each case the implied subject of the participle is the subject of the main clause. (2) has its own explicit subject.

e) The council seems to give priority to financial or practical solutions over community value: Having failed to find a buyer, the council planned to demolish it. The contrast with the students, who were worried about losing a place that held so many memories, suggests that the council did not consider the building's emotional value.

Errors típics

• Convertir els participis en oracions però oblidar el subjecte de l'absoluta (while the roof collapsing).
• Creure que Having failed i Failing són intercanviables.
• Identificar com a «dangling» un participi correcte només perquè el subjecte no és el més proper a la frase.
• Respondre a (e) sense citar el text.

Conceptes treballats: participle clauses (present, past, perfect, passive), construcció absoluta, subjecte implícit, inferència amb evidència textual.

Incorrectes: a), c), g). Ambigües/incorrectes: b), d). Acceptables: e), f), h).

a) Walking down the street, I was nearly hit by a car. (o As I was walking down the street, a car nearly hit me.)
b) When the students had finished the exam, the teacher collected the papers. El subjecte implícit seria the teacher, però qui ha acabat l'examen són els alumnes.
c) Opening the door, I found the room empty.
d) As the players were exhausted after the match, the coach let them go home early. Tal com està escrita, sembla que l'exhaust és l'entrenador.
g) To pass the exam, you need to study a lot.

e), f), h) són acceptables perquè judging by, given i strictly speaking funcionen com a preposicions o adverbis d'oració: no atribueixen l'acció a un subjecte concret, sinó que comenten tota la frase.

Errors típics

• Pensar que qualsevol participi inicial és incorrecte si el subjecte és diferent.
• Corregir només el participi i deixar la frase principal igual (Walking down the street, a car hit me).
• No detectar l'ambigüitat de (d) perquè «es pot entendre pel context».
• Fer servir un infinitiu de finalitat (To pass the exam,) amb una passiva impersonal.

Conceptes treballats: dangling participles, subjecte implícit, participis fixos com a connectors (given, judging by, strictly speaking), claredat i cohesió.

1. whose (possessiu: the woman's story).
2. where (lloc; equival a in which).
3. having (having worked: participi perfet, acció anterior a la decisió).
4. which (relativa de frase; that no és possible després d'una coma).
5. What (What she lacked in experience = «allò que li faltava en experiència»).
6. which (relativa explicativa, entre comes; objecte de began).
7. who (relativa explicativa referida a una persona).
8. Having (Having finished...: participi perfet amb subjecte she).
9. where (lloc: a charity event where she met...).
10. whom (many of whom: quantificador + of + pronom d'objecte).

Errors típics

• Posar that als buits 4 o 6, que són relatives explicatives.
• Escriure who's o who al buit 1 en lloc de whose.
• Posar which al buit 5 quan no hi ha antecedent: cal what.
• Posar who al buit 10 després de many of: cal la forma d'objecte whom.

Conceptes treballats: relatius (whose, where, which, who, whom), what nominal, participi perfet, relatives explicatives.

a) living near (activa reduïda).
b) which had been empty (relativa explicativa completa).
c) on whom you can (preposició + whom, registre formal).
d) written in (passiva reduïda).
e) Having been told (participi perfet passiu).
f) most of whom are (quantificador + of whom).

Errors típics

• Escriure who living a (a): la relativa es redueix i s'elimina el pronom.
• A (c), escriure whom you can rely on amb una preposició de més o on who.
• A (e), escriure Being told, que no expressa l'anterioritat.
• A (f), escriure most of them who o most of who.

Conceptes treballats: reducció de relatives, participis actius i passius, participi perfet passiu, preposició + whom, quantificador + of whom.

Part 1. a) Without commas, only some of the workers were on strike, and only those lost pay. With commas, all the workers were on strike and all lost pay. b) Without commas, the speaker has more than one sister and identifies the one who lives in Leeds. With commas, the speaker has only one sister, and the information about Leeds is extra.

Part 2. c) My brother, who works for an airline, travels a lot. d) The book which I borrowed from the library was fascinating. (sense comes: defining). e) Paris, which is the capital of France, attracts millions of visitors.

Part 3. El pronom es pot ometre només a (g): és l'objecte d'una relativa defining (The letter I received this morning...). A (f), who és el subjecte de la relativa i no s'omet. A (h), la relativa és non-defining i no es pot ometre ni entre comes. A (i), whose mai no es pot ometre: expressa possessió i no té equivalent sense pronom.

Errors típics

• Posar that en una relativa explicativa (My sister, that lives in Leeds).
• Afegir comes davant una relativa defining i canviar així el significat.
• Ometre el pronom subjecte (The man lives next door is a vet).
• Ometre whose (The students essays were late).

Conceptes treballats: relatives defining i non-defining, puntuació i significat, omissió del pronom, where i preposicions.

Model de resposta (147 paraules):

The place I love most in my hometown is the main square, where a market has been held every Saturday for centuries. Surrounded by arcaded buildings painted in warm yellows and reds, it feels like the heart of the town.

On market days the square is full of stalls selling cheese, cured sausages and fresh vegetables. Farmers, many of whom have travelled from nearby villages, shout the day's offers while children, chased by their parents, run between the crowds. The smell of freshly baked bread, drifting from a corner bakery, makes it impossible to walk past without buying something.

What I enjoy most, though, is the atmosphere. People who barely know each other stop to chat, and the elderly, sitting on benches under the plane trees, comment on everything that happens. For me, it is a place that proves a town is much more than its buildings.

Estructures: relatives (where a market has been held..., many of whom have travelled..., People who barely know each other, everything that happens, a place that proves...), participle clauses (Surrounded by arcaded buildings, chased by their parents, drifting from a bakery, sitting on benches).

Criteris: Grammar: relatives i participis ben formats; Vocabulary: adjectius i verbs precisos (arcaded, cured, drifting); Cohesion: tres paràgrafs i referències; Adequacy and coherence: descripció centrada en un sol lloc, amb valoració personal.

Errors típics

• Llistar adjectius sense context (nice, beautiful, big) en lloc de detalls concrets.
• Fer participis penjants: Walking into the square, the market is beautiful.
• Posar that després de coma en una relativa explicativa.
• Passar-se de les 150 paraules intentant descriure massa coses.

Conceptes treballats: description, relatives i participle clauses en un text real, riquesa lèxica, estructura en paràgrafs.

a) Hitting the coast on Friday night, the storm destroyed dozens of homes, leaving residents trapped by the flood. Working through the night, volunteers rescued them. Having visited the area on Saturday, the mayor, shocked by the damage, promised new funding.

b) Hitting the coast on Friday night: acció simultània a la destrucció (o causa immediata). leaving residents trapped by the flood: resultat. trapped: participi passiu (who were trapped). Working through the night: acció simultània a la de rescatar (mentre rescataven). Having visited the area on Saturday: acció anterior a la promesa. shocked by the damage: causa o estat emocional de l'alcalde.

c) Having visited expressa que la visita va ser anterior a la promesa de finançament; Visiting the area... suggeriria que l'alcalde va prometre mentre feia la visita. Per això el perfet és la forma més precisa.

Errors típics

• Escriure Hit the coast o Having hit the coast per a una acció simultània.
• Combinar participis sense el mateix subjecte (Working through the night, the residents were rescued).
• Utilitzar being sense necessitat (Being shocked by the damage és correcte però innecessari).
• Perdre informació del text original.

Conceptes treballats: participle clauses en funció adverbial, valor temporal/causal, participi perfet, subjecte implícit, combinació de frases.

Correctes: g) i h). Revisió de les altres: a) She told me everything (that) she knew. b) The woman who/that lives next door is a vet. (which no s'usa per a persones). c) He didn't apologise, which annoyed me. (relativa de frase; a més, no es pot unir amb una coma i sense relatiu). d) All (that) I need is a good night's sleep. e) That's the house (that) I told you about o That's the house about which I told you (formal). f) That is the reason (why) he left.

g) és correcta: després de the only es fa servir that. h) és correcta: What és un relatiu sense antecedent («allò que»).

Errors típics

• Traduir «tot el que» com all what o everything what.
• Utilitzar which per a persones.
• Unir dues oracions amb coma sense relatiu (comma splice).
• Afegir where + preposició final (where I told you about) o because en lloc de why després de reason.

Conceptes treballats: interferència català-anglès en relatius, what vs that/which, relativa de frase, reason why, preposicions finals.

Model de resposta (145 paraules; la sèrie és inventada perquè el model no depèn de dades reals):

Last month I finally watched The Lighthouse Keepers, a six-part thriller set on a remote island, which has become the most talked-about series among my classmates. The story follows Nora, a young scientist sent to study seabirds, who discovers that the island's only inhabitants are hiding a dangerous secret.

What makes the series special is its atmosphere. Filmed in real storms, the scenes feel genuinely threatening, and the soundtrack, composed mostly of waves and wind, keeps the tension high. The acting, particularly that of Nora's mysterious host, is outstanding.

On the other hand, the final episode, which should have been the climax, feels rushed and leaves several questions unanswered.

Overall, if you need a weekend plan, I would recommend it to anyone who enjoys mystery. Despite its weak ending, it is a series worth watching, and one that makes you look at the sea differently.

Estructures: relatives non-defining (a six-part thriller..., which has become...; who discovers...; the final episode, which should have been the climax...), participle clauses (sent to study seabirds, Filmed in real storms, composed mostly of waves and wind), What makes the series special is....

Criteris: Grammar (relatives i participis correctes), Vocabulary (lèxic valoratiu variat), Cohesion (On the other hand, Overall, Despite), Adequacy and coherence (resum + valoració + recomanació adreçada als alumnes de 4t d'ESO que busquen un pla per al cap de setmana).

Errors típics

• Convertir la review en un resum complet de l'argument, sense valoració.
• Utilitzar només adjectius vagues (nice, interesting, great).
• Fer servir that després de coma en una relativa explicativa.
• Inventar dades concretes (audiència, premis) per a una producció real.

Conceptes treballats: review, vocabulari valoratiu, relatives explicatives, participis, cohesió i recomanació.