Exercicis de third i mixed conditionals — Anglès 1r Batxillerat

'If' + past perfect, 'would have' + participi. Exemple: 'If I had known, I would have come.'

Un mixed conditional: la condició és passada (past perfect) i la conseqüència és present ('would' + infinitiu, 'now').

'I wish I had gone to the party last night.' Penediment sobre el passat: past perfect.

had studied.
A la condició del third conditional fem servir if + past perfect (had + participi); al resultat, would have + participi.

would have gone.
Si la condició és if + past perfect, el resultat és would have + participi (go - went - gone).

La frase b).
a) és first conditional (futur possible), c) és second conditional (present o futur poc probable) i b) parla d'una situació passada que no va passar.

El primer 'd és had (if I had known) i el segon 'd és would (I would have called).
Truc: després d'if, 'd és sempre had; al resultat, 'd és would.

wouldn't have missed.
Si la realitat és afirmativa o negativa, la hipòtesi és al revés: Jan va perdre el tren; en la hipòtesi no el perd.

take - taken
break - broken
swim - swum
write - written
catch - caught
Són irregulars i s'usen en el third conditional (would have + participi).

Fals.
El third conditional parla d'una situació imaginària del passat que ja no es pot canviar (If I had known, I would have helped). Les possibilitats reals en el futur s'expressen amb el first conditional.

'If we had known about the traffic, we would have taken another road.' Condició en past perfect (had known) i resultat amb would have + participi (would have taken).

'If you had asked for help, someone could have helped you.' Condició en past perfect (had asked); resultat amb 'could have' + participi per expressar possibilitat (could have helped).

'If I were braver, I would have jumped into the lake yesterday.' La condició és una característica permanent (present) i la conseqüència és un fet passat.

'I wish I had accepted the job offer.' El fet real és negatiu, per tant el penediment es fa afirmatiu amb wish + past perfect (had accepted).

If I had revised, I wouldn't have failed the test.
Una frase afirmativa/negativa de la realitat es converteix en la hipòtesi contrària: didn't revise → had revised; failed → wouldn't have failed.

If she hadn't moved to Vic ten years ago, she wouldn't know us now.
La condició és del passat (past perfect) i la conseqüència és del present (would + infinitiu).

If I had known about the strike, I would have taken the car.
No es posa would a la clàusula amb if; allà va el past perfect.

If the goalkeeper hadn't been injured, the team might have won the match.
Might have + participi expressa una possibilitat en lloc d'una certesa (would have).

What would you have done if you had missed the last bus?
Estructura: what + would + subjecte + have + participi + if + subjecte + had + participi.

a) Mixed (passat → present).
b) Third conditional.
c) Mixed (present → passat): una característica general (ser més prudent) afecta un fet passat.

If I had known (that) you were coming, I would have prepared dinner.
Observa que 'venies' passa a 'were coming' i que el resultat porta would have + participi.

'If they had invested in that company years ago, they would be millionaires today.' És un mixed conditional passat→present: condició en past perfect (had invested) i resultat en would + infinitiu (would be), marcat per 'today'.

'I wish I spoke French.' El desig és sobre el present (m'agradaria parlar-lo ara), per tant wish + past simple (spoke), no past perfect.

'I wish we had booked the hotel earlier.' 'If only it hadn't rained every day!' 'I wish I hadn't forgotten my camera.'
Desig sobre el present: 'I wish I were on holiday again' (past simple, amb 'were').

a) Had I known the truth, I wouldn't have signed the contract.
b) Had they not helped us, we would have failed.
La inversió substitueix if per had + subjecte. En negatiu, no es contrau: had they not (no hadn't they).

But for your advice, I wouldn't have found the job.
If you hadn't given me advice, I wouldn't have found the job.
Without i but for + nom equivalen a la condició negativa en passat.

a) Correcta: mixed conditional (passat → present).
b) Millor: If I were you, I would have told her... (en un hipotètic de present, were per a tots els subjectes en registre formal; el resultat porta would have perquè parla d'ahir).
c) ...if we hadn't missed the bus (cal past perfect a la condició, no past simple).

Model:
Third: If Nil had taken a map, he wouldn't have got lost.
Mixed (passat → present): If Nil had taken a map, he wouldn't be tired and late now.
Mixed (present → passat): If Nil weren't so shy, he would have asked for directions.

La condició és la mateixa (no vaig anar a dormir aviat), però el resultat és diferent.
a) Mixed: la conseqüència és al present (ara estaria despert).
b) Third: la conseqüència és en un moment del passat (a l'examen).

Model: Two years ago I joined the school choir. If I hadn't joined it, I wouldn't have met my best friend. If I hadn't met her, I wouldn't be so confident today. Now I wish I had joined earlier!
Revisa: had + participi a la condició del passat; would + infinitiu quan la conseqüència és al present.

a) hadn't inherited / would probably be living (també s'accepta would probably live): condició passada, resultat present.
b) had left / wouldn't be: condició passada, resultat present (now).
c) would have helped / had asked: third conditional pur (yesterday).
d) were (o was) / wouldn't have forgotten: condició sobre el caràcter actual, resultat en un moment passat.
Truc: mira el marcador de temps de cada part (now, yesterday) per decidir si cal past perfect o would have.

La correcta és b): mixed conditional (passat → present).
a) If I had studied harder...: no es posa would a la clàusula d'if.
c) I wish I had told her the truth: un penediment sobre el passat porta past perfect.
d) Had I known...: la inversió exigeix el participi known.
e) ...I wouldn't have finished in time: després de would have va el participi.

a) would: ho hauria fet segur; el resultat és certesa.
b) could: hauria pogut ajudar, és a dir, tenia la capacitat o l'oportunitat, però no diu que ho hauria fet.
c) might: potser ho hauria fet; el resultat és només una possibilitat i hi ha dubte.
La condició és la mateixa; canvia el grau de certesa o de possibilitat del resultat.

a) We left at six; otherwise, we would have missed the plane.
b) She took the medicine; otherwise, she would still be ill.
Otherwise equival a if not i substitueix tota la clàusula d'if: parla de què hauria passat en cas contrari. A b) el resultat és present (would still be) perquè l'efecte arriba fins ara.

Models de resposta:
a) I wish the neighbours would stop playing loud music every night. (També s'accepta wouldn't play.)
b) If only my brother would listen to me.
c) I wish it would stop raining.
Wish + would expressa queixa sobre un comportament o un fet que no controlem i que voldríem que canviés; no s'usa amb el propi subjecte (no es diu I wish I would).

a) If it hadn't rained so much, the river wouldn't be so high now.
b) If I were more organised, I wouldn't have lost my keys yesterday. (També was en registre informal.)
c) If it hadn't been for your help, I wouldn't have finished the work on time. (També But for your help....)
Mixed conditional a): passat → present. Mixed conditional b): present → passat. Third conditional c).

Models de resposta:
Third: If Elena hadn't panicked, she would have passed her driving test last year.
Mixed: If she had passed her test, she wouldn't take the bus every day now. (També she would have a licence now.)
First: If she stays calm next month, she will pass.
Clau: third = had + participi / would have + participi; mixed = had + participi / would + infinitiu; first = present simple / will.

Model de resposta:
If I had been born in Argentina, I would have learnt Spanish as my first language. I would probably speak English with a different accent, too. If my parents had moved to Canada, I might have grown up skiing every winter. I wouldn't know Catalan so well now if I had grown up in another country. If I had lived abroad, I would have missed my grandparents terribly. Of course, I wouldn't be studying at this school today if my family hadn't stayed in Catalonia.
Claus de correcció: (1) dos third conditionals i dos mixed ben formats; (2) cap would a la clàusula d'if; (3) coherència del contingut.

1. had (third conditional).
2. would (també s'accepten could i might).
3. which (relatiu no definidor, referit a tota la decisió).
4. Had (inversió: Had I gone = If I had gone).
5. would (també could).
6. what (subjecte de would have happened).
7. that (It is not that I envy...).
8. had (supposing equival a if i demana past perfect).

1. differently (adverbi que modifica turned out).
2. useful.
3. decisions (plural, perquè va després de past sense article).
4. depression.
5. disastrous.
6. achievements (plural, the achievements we have made).
7. unrealistically (adverbi negatiu que modifica optimistic).
8. strengths (plural, nom).

a) had known (third conditional).
b) weren't for (If it weren't for the rain; també s'accepta were not for).
c) only I had accepted (if only + past perfect).
d) had she (inversió: She would have won had she practised).
e) hadn't been for (if it hadn't been for your help).

La correcta és c).
a) ...thousands of jobs would have been saved last year (third conditional passiu).
b) ...if I hadn't accepted that job two years ago (condició passada, resultat present).
d) ...we wouldn't be stuck in traffic now (resultat present, per now).
e) If it hadn't been for the storm... (no es posa would a la clàusula d'if).
f) ...the patient wouldn't have died: of és una confusió freqüent amb la forma contreta 've (would've).

a) If I had taken the job, I would be rich now.
b) Had the pilot not reacted quickly, the plane would have crashed.
c) If we had brought a map, we wouldn't be lost.
d) But for the government loan, the company would not have survived.
e) If the train hadn't been delayed, we wouldn't have missed the connection.
Apartats a) i c) són mixed conditionals; b), d) i e) són third conditionals.

Model de resposta:
Some historians dismiss counterfactual questions as idle speculation, but I would argue that asking what might have happened is far from pointless.
First of all, imagining alternatives helps us understand causes. If the printing press had not been invented in the fifteenth century, ideas would have spread far more slowly, and the Reformation might never have taken hold. By considering such a scenario, we realise how decisive technology can be, and we see our present world as the product of choices rather than inevitability.
Secondly, counterfactual thinking has practical value. Had European leaders understood in 1914 how a local conflict could escalate, they might have negotiated more seriously. Learning from such mistakes is exactly what makes history worth studying, and if we ignored them, we would be more likely to repeat them today.
Admittedly, there is a danger: nobody can prove what would have occurred, and speculation easily turns into fantasy. Nevertheless, as long as we treat these exercises as thought experiments rather than facts, they sharpen our judgement.
In conclusion, far from being pointless, speculation about the past teaches us to take present decisions more carefully.
Claus de correcció: (1) tesi clara i contraargument; (2) condicionals ben formats; (3) connectors i registre formal.

a) Yes, they mean the same: only the order of the clauses changes, and the comma is dropped when the if clause comes second.
b) No. The first sentence refers to the past: she did not work hard enough, so she is not a doctor today. The second one is about the present or the future: she does not work hard, and the sentence says what would happen if she did.
c) No. The first refers to a specific past occasion (he broke several plates, probably on one day); the second describes a general present habit (he is careless, so he regularly breaks plates).

1. kept (també s'accepta left).
2. would (també could o might).
3. would (també might o could).
4. Had (inversió = If it had not been for).
5. would (també might).
6. had.
7. would (també might).
8. have (might have done).

1. decisively.
2. harmful.
3. extensive.
4. wealthy.
5. negotiations (plural, perquè failed concorda amb un plural).
6. renewable.
7. extinction.
8. responsibility (take responsibility for).

a) wish I hadn't shouted (també wish I had not shouted).
b) Had Pablo been (inversió: Had Pablo been invited).
c) wouldn't be (mixed conditional: resultat present).
d) But for the (But for the team's hard work).
e) wouldn't have made (third conditional).

a) If he had been wearing a helmet, he wouldn't have been so badly injured. (També s'accepta he would not have been badly injured.)
b) If it hadn't been for your invitation, I wouldn't be here.
c) Had she been paying attention, she might have noticed.
d) If I hadn't taken the umbrella, I would have got wet. (També gotten en anglès americà.)
Apartat b) és un mixed conditional (passat → present).

Model de resposta:
It is often said that we learn more from our mistakes than from our successes. Although I accept that failure can be a powerful teacher, I do not think it is always the best one.
On the one hand, mistakes force us to reflect. If I had not failed my first driving test, I would probably have remained overconfident, and I would be a worse driver today. Painful experiences are rarely forgotten, which makes them memorable lessons.
On the other hand, success also teaches. When something goes well, we can identify the habits that produced the result and repeat them. Had she never been praised for her presentations, a shy student might have given up public speaking altogether. Encouragement builds the confidence needed to keep trying.
Moreover, not every mistake is instructive. Some errors are simply costly, and no wisdom would justify the damage they cause. Wise people therefore learn from the mistakes of others as well, studying what went wrong without having to suffer it themselves.
To sum up, both failure and success have a role in learning. The key is not which we experience, but how thoughtfully we analyse it.
Claus de correcció: (1) posició matisada amb exemples; (2) condicionals third i mixed correctes; (3) cohesió i registre.